Research Proposal on Unemployment Essay Example

Research Proposal on Unemployment Essay Unemployment is the condition which is characterized with the incapability of an individual to find a job of any kind. The problem of unemployment is becoming more and more serious with every new year, because the population constantly rises and the employers can not create enough workplaces to satisfy the needs of everyone. Unemployment depends on the range of factors. First of all, it is the number of people, who need work, then, the policy of the country aimed at the provision its citizens with workplaces and finally, the level of education and skills of the unemployed. The last factor is very important nowadays, because there are always popular professions and young people decide to study at colleges and universities and become economists, lawyers, managers, etc. but it is obvious that these professions are not in need any more. There are so many qualified lawyers and economists, that the country and the whole world does not require them in such amounts. On the other hand, such professions as engineers, carpenters, plumbers, etc. are in great need, because today young people are very ambitious and do not want to master manual work. The decisions of the governments are very similar. Manual professions are awarded with the same and even higher salaries than the intellectual work of teachers and lawyers to encourage young people go in for manual professions. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Unemployment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Unemployment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Unemployment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Unemployment has always existed in the human society and the problem fairly can not be solved. This problem is extremely actual in such countries as Pakistan, Ghana, Nigeria, India, Kenya etc. The only thing which can be done by the government is the reduction of the rate of unemployment to some small percent. A well-analyzed research proposal should be logically-structured, interesting and informative. One should investigate the problem profoundly to realize the meaning of unemployment, its cause and effect, types, factors which influence the phenomenon, the geography of unemployment, etc. When one writes a research proposal, he is supposed to possess clever ideas which can be wise enough to be able to defeat the problem of unemployment. One should prepare a brief paper which explains the importance of the problem and contains effective solutions to it. It does not worth mentioning that every research proposal is a difficult assignment for students, because it is not quite easy to prepare an interesting convincing paper which can persuade the readers in the importance of the problem under research. In order to see how to compose a successful paper correctly, a free example research proposal on unemployment problem will be useful for every inexperienced student. When he takes advantage of a free sample research proposal in Kenya, he will be aware of the standards and rules of proper paper writing, the styles, formats and manner of presentation of the information. *** ATTENTION! Free sample research proposals and research paper examples on Unemployment are 100% plagiarized!!! At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Unemployment topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details:

Comparison between the U.S Senate and House

Comparison between the U.S Senate and House The senate and the house websites demonstrate that both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives are integral parts of the United States Congress. The incorporation of the senate and the house make the congress become a bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America. Another similarity of content between the senate and the house websites is due to the fact that senators and representatives are chosen through direct election.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Comparison between the U.S Senate and House specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Election However, the house website illustrates that there are four hundred and thirty five members in the House of Representatives. Each of the representatives represents a district and its populace and that is the reason why House seats are shared out among the states with reference to population. Members in the House of Re presentatives only serve the people for a two year term before elections USHR, (2010). The senate website on the other hand reveals that there are one hundred senators in the United States Senate. The senators exclusively represent a state and each state is allocated two senators thus population is not a valid factor in the United States Senate. Unlike members in the House of Representatives, senators serve a far longer term of six years before elections are conducted. The senators are appointed through an election where the winner is decided by the plurality of the popular vote. Nonetheless, more or less one-third of the Senate is elected at a time within an intermittent period of two years and in most cases, the incumbent senators are always in a better position for re-election USS, (2010). Powers After careful study of both the senate and the house websites, it is evident that the House and the Senate have a number of similar and divergent powers. The Constitution gives the House exclusive rights to the initiation of all bills for raising revenue hence the Senate lacks the authority to instigate bills that enforce taxes USS, (2010). In addition, the House of Representatives has absolute power over the bills that sanction the disbursement of federal funds thus the Senate lacks power to instigate appropriation bills. This is because the House is a solid veto point for such bills and an appropriation bill has to be considered in the house before implementation. However, the senate has the power and indeed the right to amend general appropriation bills and the power to carry out this function is limitless USHR, (2010). Therefore even though the Senate cannot introduce an appropriation bill, it can alter the content and the focus of a present bill to suit its intentions. For any bill to be implemented, the approval of both the Senate and the House of Representatives is needed for any bill to become law. Both the Senate and the House must agree upon and pass the same version of the bill and any variations in opinion are settled by a conference committee which is made up of members of both bodies.Advertising Looking for report on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presidential powers The first presidents of the United States of America were George Washington, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson who during their tenure managed to effectively alter the powers of the president. George Washington was the first president who acquired that position through military victory and his popularity amongst the Americans. As the president, he set out to strengthen the nation’s unity, keep a neutral and objective perception and to build the economy. Washington managed to accomplish most of his objectives and though widely appreciated, some quarters were not content. Economic policies and treaties were met with angry reactions like the 1794 whisky rebellion. The president was how ever able to assert the will of the nation over localized rebellion and thus Washington and his administration were triumphant in strengthening the powers of the president. John Adams was elected in 1796 and immediately went on to altar foreign policy and domestic laws USHR, (2010).. He was highly unpopular leading to the 1800 revolution by approving unconstitutional laws which were oppressive. Adams managed to cast doubt over the powers of the presidency which divided the nation and partially diluted the powers of the president. When Thomas Jefferson was elected as president, his first intentions were to strengthen the Republic. He reduced the powers of the federal government and repealed the unconstitutional acts passed by Adams. Overall, Jefferson managed to strengthen the nation and indeed the powers of the president even though the Adams administration had introduced a multipartite form of democracy. References The United States House of Representatives- USHR, (2010). Tying It All Together: Learn about the Legislative Process. Web. The United States Senate- USS, (2010). Legislation records. Retrieved from: https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/d_three_sections_with_teasers/bills.htm

7 Techniques to Turn Your Business Proposal into a Best Seller

7 Techniques to Turn Your Business Proposal into a Best Seller Summertime is when a lot of people grab a book, plop down in a lawn or beach chair and blissfully enter a vivid world that some novelist created. You may think that the way a novelist weaves the web of story is different from the way you write a business proposal, but maybe you should think again. After all, novelists have to solicit business (convince you to read the whole book), state the problem (present the main story conflict), present a solution (resolve the conflict) and show credibility (create a convincing world). Isn’t that what a proposal does? Here are 7 tips from novelists that will help you write a best-selling proposal: #1: KNOW YOUR CHARACTERS Novelists will often write character studies, making lists of attributes for each main character. They include things like what kind of clothing the character wears, how much they eat, what music they listen to and what they love or hate in their relationships. Most of this detail will not make it into the finished novel, but a deep understanding of each character allows the novelist to write the story in a way that has readers empathizing with these fictional people. So, too, will a successful business proposal show the depth of knowledge you have of the target company, their industry and the challenges they face. Do your homework on the client before sitting down to write the proposal. A good business proposal focuses fully on client needs and wants. It's not about you. #2: REMEMBER WHO THE MAIN CHARACTER IS Have you ever started a novel that focuses on one character, only to find out later that he or she has a bit part in the overall plot? That is a failing on the part of the novelist, who should make it clear right up front who the star of the story is. The equivalent of this mistake is when a proposal starts with an â€Å"About Us† segment that describes your company, the services you offer and the great projects you have completed. Your company is not the main character in this drama- the client is. Your best-selling business proposal focuses on the client, their problem and how you propose to solve it. Your qualifications come later and are supplemental to the main plot of the proposal. #3: HOOK ‘EM FAST â€Å"Start the piece where the trouble starts.† - Adair Lara Novelists are prodded to go straight to the conflict at the heart of the story. This is referred to as In medias res- Latin for â€Å"in the middle of things.† A reader wants to get right to the action with no throat clearing or long set-ups. Your proposal also should waste no time in getting to the action. Capture your reader’s attention by moving quickly to a statement of the client’s problem, and how you propose to solve it. #4: SLOW DOWN AT THE POINT OF GREATEST COMPLEXITY Have you ever read a novel where the author rushed through a scene right at the height of the action? Or worse- did he use the â€Å"old fade to black† routine? What was your reaction? You probably felt cheated and clapped the book shut. The same thing will happen if you use fuzzy language or rush the reader of your business proposal through the â€Å"How We Will Help You Solve Your Problem† section of the document. This is the "action scene" where you slow down and give the reader a lot of detail. Clearly explain exactly how you will help the client. Do not use over worked terms such as value-added, optimize, best practice, or leverage. Avoid industry jargon or acronyms your potential client might not understand. #5: CHOOSE THE RIGHT LANGUAGE â€Å"The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug. - Mark Twain Language is the tool in a novel that sets scene, portrays emotion, creates mood and brings the story alive in the reader’s mind. Successful proposals contain the right language for the client: specific to their industry, free of jargon, and above all, clear. For help with this step, review our Guide to Clarity in Business Writing. #6: MAKE EVERY WORD MATTER â€Å"Try to leave out the part that readers tend to skip.† - Elmore Leonard You know you’ve done it- jumped ahead in a novel to get to the good parts, skipping long descriptions, redundant characterizations, etc. Your clients are also good at skimming. They have to be in order to save their time and sanity because so many business documents are long and convoluted. Take a cue from the writers of page-turning novels and make each word of your proposal crucial. Set a quick pace in your narrative, provide headings for ease of reading and leave plenty of white space. #7: FIND A REALLY GOOD EDITOR â€Å"Writing can be like folding a banquet-sized tablecloth; you can do it yourself, but it’s a lot easier when you can find somebody to help.† - Ted Kooser Good novels are the result of collaboration. The successful novelist has received both instruction and critique to hone his writing skills. He also takes advantage of the services of a good editor to make sure the novel is ready for publication. Writing a proposal is often a team effort. Information and data are pulled together from various sources. The proposal goes through several drafts and different people look through the document before it is ready to send off to the client. If you are the sole person writing and reviewing the proposal, be certain to let it sit for 24 hours before you edit it. You're too familiar with the material and format to objectively improve upon it, so let a little time pass so you can view it with fresh eyes. Review ourproposal writing course. This is a practicum course with individual coaching, which guides you through an actual work proposal: Your instructor will review key incremental exercises, guiding you to a perfect final proposal. Learn the planning and writing process required to write a proposal that wins business. Receive coaching on the organization, sequencing, and language of your proposal. And, receive one-on-one live proposal coaching, via WebEx, to ensure all of the proposals you write win business.

How do the Memorial Day Massacre and the UAW sit-down strikes compare Essay - 1

How do the Memorial Day Massacre and the UAW sit-down strikes compare - Essay Example twentieth century; however, the same violence erupted between the workers and the state/private police from the nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. During the nineteenth centuries, Homestead Strikes, Haymarket Affair, 1902 Coal Strike, and Ludlow Massacre occurred and showed that the companies and local government worked closely to stifle labor organizations’ freedom of speech and assembly. On May 1886, the workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago staged a strike, as they demanded a shorter work day. On May 3, police were used to defend strikebreakers and a fight took place; one person was killed and several others were injured. On May 4, some 20,000 demonstrators were expected to show up at Haymarket Square, but rain and cold lowered the numbers down to around 1,500. The gathering was nonviolent until a police official sent a dispersal unit. Someone threw a pipe bomb into the police ranks, which instantly killed four policemen and sixty civilians. The police fired back and killed several workers. The Homestead strikes featured a greater degree of violence, as the company used private militia to respond to workers on strike. In 1892, the Homestead lodges of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited conflicted during the negotiations for several months and what happened next was The Homestead Strike. Union and non-union workers united and supported their leader Hugh ODonnell. Henry Clay Frick from the company made arrangements with Pinkertons National Detective Agency of New York, so that 300 strike-breaking detectives, called the â€Å"Pinkertons,† would break the strike. Workers sounded alarms when the Pinkertons were seen. No one could say who started the gun shooting, but the detectives fired on the workers and wounded some of the latter. Six days after this, the National Guard of Pennsylvania arrived in Homestead, as ordered by Governor Robert E. Pattison. The company then threw

E-commerce Practice Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-commerce Practice - Personal Statement Example From the brainstorm for the website, I realized that there was a need to develop research about the industry, our product and potential clients. Though e-commerce provides an almost unlimited market, the main challenge is directing traffic to the site and translating this in turn to actual sales, a proposition that has become more challenging considering technical requirements and saturation of industries (Lefebvre & Lefebvre 30-31). Afterwards, I had to communicate the site's requirements to developers so that it can best reflect the product and performance objectives to maximize the productivity and effectivity of the site. Finally, there was a need to develop performance measures for performance and maintaining competitiveness. The entire process of setting up the company is time consuming and challenging. Often, I encountered tasks that were beyond my existing skills or competencies which challenged me to research and cultivate the means to augment my skills or competencies as necessary.

Barriers to Effective Communication Essay Example for Free

Barriers to Effective Communication Essay Most important amongst the ever-recurring and constant troubles in the field of police administration is that concerned with creating and sustaining a successful method of communication. Communication is the most important medium for concerning agreement between all the personnel of a department as to the police goals. It is the foundation for a regular and ongoing understanding of problems and accomplishments practiced on a continuing basis to reach their final objectives. The process of successful communications in a department starts with the leadership establishing clear guidelines how its personnel should interact with each other, whether it is by memo, emails, forms, daily briefings or training. Leadership in any organization must identify and mandate the objectives of the organization. Pfiffner (1951) stated â€Å"In all management situations, communication consists of organizational relationships and mechanics on the one hand, and the human factor on the other, in actuality both existing together. † Communication is the method of transmitting cues, mostly written and oral, in order to adjust human behavior. The communication process works in three steps, initiate, transmit, and impact. In a police department, initiate and transmit could be where the desk sergeant, issues the daily tasking that he receives from his leadership to his patrol officers beginning a shift. Impact takes place when the officers going out on patrol implement the tasking given and could be discussing the tasking amongst each other as well to gain feedback. Hearing is a passive occurrence that requires no effort. Listening, on the other hand, is a conscious choice that demands your attention and concentration† (Livestrong, 2001). The differences between hearing and listening is that when someone is speaking and you are hearing when you just hear the words coming out, not really paying attention to all of what is said. When listening, you are collecting thought on what is being said, but if you think you already know what the person is talking about, a person could just disregard the words that were just passed. There are generally four basic levels of hearing and listening, according to Toast Masters. org. You can easily fall into one or these more categories in different conversations. A non-listener is totally preoccupied with his personal thoughts and though he hears words, he doesnt listen to what is being said. Passive listeners hear the words but dont fully absorb or understand them. Listeners pay attention to the speaker, but grasp only some of the intended message. Active listeners are completely focused on the speaker and understand the meaning of the words without distortion† (Livestrong, 2011). Communications are vital in law enforcement. Police personnel have to comprehend the importance of tone of voice, pitch, and variation, the variances of hearing and listening. Facial expressions, body movements and posture are also significant for effective communications. Cultural and ethnic dynamics are essential factors of a police officer’s communication skills. The formal and informal channels of communication in criminal justice organizations are two distinct processes. Formal relations, occupation explanations, duties and processes are found in formal communication channels. These channels match the formal chains of command, and accountability recognized in organizational charts, standard operating procedures, and policy manuals. For many police departments and organizations, formal communication channels are the primary standard and rarely differentiate. Informal channels are considered a â€Å"grapevine or rumor mill† type construct. Police officers discussing an incident in the locker room can be considered informal, and if the district attorney and a defense lawyer are chatting about a case at lunch or a washroom are prime examples for informal channels of communications. In an informal channel of communication, the original words that were spoken could be altered, invalid, and misconstrued so much in a department, that the information can provide inefficiency in any organization. â€Å"Barriers to communication often arise when one party is concerned about personal or professional status. The four basic categories, or types, of obstacles to effective communication are as follows: (1) emotional barriers, (2) physical barriers, (3) semantic barriers, and (4) ineffective listening. Each of these barriers can cause either the sender or the receiver to fail to communicate effectively† (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). Emotional barriers can exist in the receiver or the sender. Individuals base their translating of information on respective occurrences and beliefs. If a person believes they will be not taken seriously or made fun of when making a idea, then they will not participate in discussions or send their message. When a police officer has a case of low esteem, it could affect their duties on the street, believing that they might not be able to make a difference, stop certain criminals, and that barrier can cost the lives of innocent people or even peers. Physical barriers are the properties of an atmosphere that can cause communications to be challenging. Examples of physical barriers include equipment that does not work properly, having one officer on patrol instead of a team of two officers patrolling together in a bad neighborhood. Semantic barriers can cause differences between individuals, when one person might say one thing, and another forms an entirely different conclusion to that was said. This form of barrier can exist in a department where communication is very poor from the leadership down to the most junior personnel. Ineffective listening will occur if law enforcement personnel fail to pay attention to what others are communicating. The subject of discussion might bore or be irrelevant to certain persons, or just be to complicate to comprehend, and that transmission will be useless. Effective communication is fundamental in any chain of command. Leadership must be able to communicate its orders and direction to subordinates in a clear, concise manner, and with a positive message, so subordinate’s can perform to the best of their ability and listen to the message that is spoken, instead of just hearing what they want to hear. For an organization to communicate effectively, a person must be able to overcome the barriers that exist, and change one’s thoughts or feelings with another coworker. Taking personal responsibility ensures their workplace operates smoothly, and can rid the barriers that may plaque the organization.

Free Essays - More than Atoms :: Personal Narrative Essays

More than Atoms That's why we write. That's why we sing. That's why we dance. That's why we paint. That's why we pray. Because we are just a group of atoms. Because we want something more. We need to create something more. There has to be something more. Watch someone pray sometime. I mean really pray. See someone with glassy eyes and parted lips clasp their hands and silently ask of their beliefs "why?" If you are truly my progeny, it will drive any prejudice the world may have given you from your heart. What you will see in that prayer filled face is humanity in its most vulnerable state. We pray because we need something to turn to, something to believe in. We need an all mighty truth that has the power to soothe our fears. Why? Because we are afraid of being on our own, we are afraid of not being saved from all the pain and suffering in this world. We are afraid that all we do, we do in vain. We want arms into which we may retreat after death. We want an explanation for our lives. And so we pray to our God, and others pray to theirs, and some call it enlightenment or nirvana, or "it." But we do it for the same reason, to nurse the same weakness. When you see religious prejudice, or any type of prejudice for that matter, know that that bigotry has no real foundation. No one knows more than anyone else. There is no proof. There is no answer key. Everyone has different beliefs, but we all have the same frailties. See that when you see someone pray, and have compassion. Have compassion for the world, the world that has condemned itself to anger and hatred. And try to rise above tolerance. Tolerance may be a virtue, but it is a condescending one. It says, "I do not accept you or like you or believe in anything you do, but I'll put up with you and be civil because I think that I am the bigger person.

A Rose for Emily Summary

Faulkner beautifully illustrates the morbid parallelism between Emily’s father and the house that imprisoned her. Both were controlled and manipulated by the very being that would eventually destroy them. Faulkner strategically places the home of the Grierson’s, on what was once consider a prestigious street in the crumbling, overcrowded town of Jefferson. Here, both monuments of the past are forced to maintain a dignified facade of sanity among an ever-changing society. There are two interpretations to be made in understanding the motive and meaning behind Emily murdering Homer Barron, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. The first motive deals with the personal revenge Emily seeks towards her father, the second being towards the town of Jefferson who scrutinized her and critically analyzed everything she did. The death of Emily’s father set in motion a diabolically evil scheme to seek the ultimate revenge on the patriarchal society of Jefferson, which controlled and ultimately claimed her sanity. Her revenge began with her father whom she hated for denying her the privilege of having a normal and successful woman’s life. Emily’s hatred began to fester within the depths of her soul as a young child, dominated by a father who concluded that no male figure was good enough to inherit the status of courting or marrying a Grierson. Emily became emotionally tormented by the very thought of being a spinster and having no other male figure to love, besides her controlling father. The growing resentment continued as she became older and perspective suitor’s appeared at the front door, ultimately to be chased away with a horsewhip. Although the violence is apparently outward-the upraised horsewhip against the would be suitor- the real object of it is the woman-daughter, forced into the background and dominated by the phallic figure of the spraddled father whose back is turned on her and who prevents her from getting out at the same time that he prevents them, suitors, from getting in. † (560). Emily was a caged animal, imprisoned by her controlling father, in a circus whose master manipulate s all of the animals’ movements, emotions, and physical appearance by a carefully illustrated system of rewards and punishments. Emily’s’ rewards, according to her father, was that she be portrayed to the towns people as â€Å"a slender figure in white† too pure for the stains of any human being to corrupt what he, the father, masterfully created. Emily’s punishment was that she would eventually be revered as an untouchable figure who’s every action or movement would be analyzed by the town of Jefferson. It wasn’t until that fateful day, the death of her father, when Emily was finally able to outwardly express her revenge upon the very first male who suppressed her emotionally and physically, by not giving him the proper burial a Grierson deserved. Instead, she was able to experience, first hand, the feeling of triumph over watching her so-called beloved father rot before her very eyes, the sweet revenge of a twisted character. Emily cleverly denied to the town’s people that her father died in order to secretly express her future intention of revenge towards the town of Jefferson by not letting them, the residents, immediately dispose of his decrypted and decaying body. â€Å"She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the minister calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body. Just as they were about to resort to law and force, she broke down, and they buried her father quickly. †(27). â€Å"Because she is Miss Emily Grierson, the town invests her with that communal significance which makes her the object of their obsession and subject of their incessant scrutiny†¦ the town is able to impose a particular code of behavior and to see her in failure to live up to that code an excuse for interfering in her life. (560). The result of the towns interfering adds fuel to her fire to seek the revenge for interfering in her life and being so critical of every movement that she makes. The most significant diabolically evil plan Emily sought was the revenge on the patriarchy society of Jefferson, which no one would be able to comprehend the magnitude of the murder of Homer Barron. After the death of her father, the townsme n felt pity for her and claimed that leaving her the decrypted; decaying housing structure was a way of knocking her off the pedestal and becoming more humanized. The patriarchal society outwardly expressed their need to watch over and care for the lonely spinster who they concluded incapable of providing for her financially. Colonel Satoris, the eldest patriarch of Jefferson, fabricated a story to justify why the town remitted her taxes, claiming that it was from a financial loan her father provided for the town many years ago. The motive for the murder of Homer Barron was for Emily, on her deathbed, to gain the last laugh at a town that scrutinized and critiqued her yet never came to understand why she acted and lived as she did. Another motive for the murder of Homer Barron was to prove to the patriarchal society of Jefferson that even though she, Emily, could not â€Å"persuade him to marry her† (535). Due to his perversions, she may still succeed in controlling Homer if her were dead. No one would be able to take that secret love she had for Homer away even though he would never reciprocate it the same way because of his alternative lifestyle. Homo Homer was an embarrassment to Emily, because for the first time ever she was free love someone, and he turned out to love young men more than women. This humanizes Emily even more and in turn it helps explode the decades of manipulation and control she receives at the hands of her father. She had a perfect plan; no one in the town of Jefferson would ever believe that Emily, being a real lady â€Å"to forget noblesse oblige—without calling it noblesse oblige† (535). â€Å"Emily is exempted from general indictment because she is a real lady-that is, eccentric, slightly crazy, obsolete, a â€Å"stubborn and coquettish decay†, absurd but indulged; â€Å"dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse†; indeed, anything and everything but human. (561). Who would believe she would have murdered someone in order to have their love. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is taken from a morbidly crepitated point of view where an author obviously is hiding many deep dark secrets within his past without bluntly coming out and exposing it to the rest of society. Faulkner disguises his own tragedies from his past t hrough the story to give himself a sense of personal release from his own personal bondage. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is utilized as a clever way for William Faulkner to disguise his own slide from sanity.

Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development.

| | Sigmund Freud by Max Halberstadt, 1921| | | Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget Assignment An assignment on Sigmund Freud’s ‘Theory of Psychosexual Development'. | Class 2013, Term 1 20 February, 2013| Table of Contents Sigmund Freud1 Life history: Sigmund Freud. 1 Career and Marriage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Introduction to psychoanalysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Stages of development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Definition of id, ego and superego†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget AssignmentAn assignment on Sigmund Freud’s ‘Theory of psychosexual development and Jean Piaget’s ‘Cognitive theory of development. Life history: Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was a renowned Austrian neurologies, known for founding psychoanalysis. He was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud on the 6th of May 1856. Sigmund is the first of eight children and highly favoured by his Jewish Galician parents in Moravian town of Pribor (German: Freiberg in Mahren), Austrian Empire, part of the Freud, and other psychoanalysts (1922) Czeck Republic. His father, Jacob Freud (1815-1896, was a wool merchant who had fathered two children from previous marriages.Although Jacob’s family was Hassidic Jews, he did not follow this tradition. Sigmund’s mother, Amalia (nee Nathansohn), was 20 years her husband’s junior. The young couple were financial ly unwell at the time their son Sigmund was born but Amalia took solace in the fact that her son was born with a caul because she saw it as a positive omen for the boy’s future. They were living in a rented room in a blacksmith’s house at Schlossergasse 117 As a result of the Panic of 1857, Jacob lost his business and the Freud family had to move to Leipzig before settling in Vienna in 1865.Despite their financial situation, Sigmund’s education was priority to his parents resulting in him entering the Leopoldstadter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school when he was only nine years, where he proved to be an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. It has been suggested that due to the fact that he read William Shakespeare in English throughout his life, his understanding of human psychology was derived from Shakespear e’s plays.Sigmund Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, intended to study law but joined the medical faculty instead, where he studied zoology under Darwinist Professor Karl Claus. He spent four weeks at Claus’s zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881 Career and marriage Freud started his medical career in a psychiatric clinic in Vienna General Hospital, a practice owned by Theodor Meynert.He got married to Martha Bernays, the granddaughter of Isaac Bernays, a chief Rabbi in Hamburg, in 1886. The couple had six children. In 1886 Sigmund Freud resigned his hospital post and entered a private practice specializing in nervous disorders. Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychotherapist and psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology Started the rumour that a romantic relationship may have developed between Freud and his sister-in-law, Minna Bern ays, who had moved in to the Freud family household at Berggasse 19 in 1896 after the death of her fiance.Some Freud scholars reckoned that there was factual basis to these rumours after a publication of a Swiss hotel log, dated 13 August 1898, showed Freud had stayed there with a woman not his wife Although this does not prove that Freud stayed at the hotel with Minna Bernays, it does confirm the part about Freud stepping out of his marital vows. Peter Gay, a Sterling professor of History Emeritus at Yale University and former director of the New York Public Library’s Center for Scholars andWriters (1997-2003), who was previously skeptical of this rumour, revised his view of the matter and concluded that an affair between Freud and Minna was possible. Based on historical investigations and contextual analysis of Freud’s writings, Peter J. Swales, a Welsh â€Å"guerilla historian of psychoanalysis†, who had written essays and letters about Sigmund Freud suggeste d that Minna became pregnant and had an abortion during their affair. Freud who initially smoked cigarette began smoking tobacco at age 24. He believed that smoking enhanced his capacity to work and that he could exercise self-control by smoking in moderation.He neglected to consider the fact that self-control cannot prevent buccal cancer, a disease he eventually suffered from. Wilhelm Fliess, a German Jewish otolaryngologist who practiced in Berlin, became concerned about the effect of smoking on his health and warned him of the same as a friend and colleague, but he remained a smoker. Freud suggested to Fliess in 1897 that addictions, including that to tobacco, were substitutes for masturbation, stating that it was â€Å"the one great habit†. Introduction to Psychoanalysis Freud became greatly influenced by the work of his friends who later became his colleagues.In October 1885, Sigmund Freud went to Paris on a fellowship to study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned neurol ogist who was conducting scientific research into hypnosis. Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience. Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work at his established private practice in 1886 Freud was greatly influenced by Josef Breuer, an Austrian physician whose work laid the foundation of psychoanalysis, mentor and collaborator with Freud.Breuer used a different method of hypnosis from the French method to help his patient, a method that does not use suggestion. Freud postulated that psychoneuroses had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences that had occurred in patient’s past such as sexual molestation in early childhood (hysteria and obsessional neurosis), a formulation now known as Freud’s seduction theory. Freud and Breuer published their theories and findings in Studies in Hysteria (1895). The treatment of Anna O, a patient of Breuer, pro ved to be transformative.When interviewed Anna mentioned that talking uninhibitedly while under hypnosis caused a reduction in the severity of her symptoms as she retrieved her memories of early traumatic incidents in her life. A treatment she referred to as â€Å"talking cure†. This led Freud to eventually conclude in the course of his clinical practice that a more consistent and effective pattern of symptom relief could be achieved, without recourse to hypnosis, by encouraging patients to talk freely about their experiences. This procedure he called â€Å"free association†.Further more, he found that patients’ dreams could be fruitfully analyzed to reveal the complex structuring of unconscious material and to demonstrate the psychic action of repression, which underlay symptom formation. By 1896 Freud had done away with hypnosis all together and was using the term â€Å"psychoanalysis† to refer to his new clinical method and the theories on which it was based. In 1897, Freud argued that the repressed sexual thoughts and fantasies of early childhood were the key cause factors in neuroses, whether derived from real events in the child’s history or not.This led to the emergence of Freud’s new theory of infantile sexuality and eventually to the Oedipus complex. After much work together, Breuer ended the relationship because he felt Freud placed too much emphasis on the sexual origins of a patient’s neuroses and completely refused to consider other viewpoints. Freud continued to refine his argument and in 1900, after a serious period of self-analysis, he published The Interpretation of dreams, and then in 1901 he published another book titled The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. In 1905, he published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.The great reverence given to Freud’s theories was not in evidence for some years as most of his contemporaries felt like Breuer, that his emphasis on sexuality was either scandalous or over played. Oedipus complex in psychoanalytic theory term denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind stores in the unconscious through dynamic repression, these concentrate upon a child’s desire to sexually possess his/her mother and kill his/her father. It was derived from the 5th-century BC Greek mythologic character Oedipus, who unwittingly kills his father, Laius, and marries his mother, Jocasta.Freud believed that the Oedipus complex is a desire for the mother in both sexes (he felt girls have a homosexual attraction towards their mother); a complex he believed is a universal, psychological phenomenon innate (phylogenetic) to human beings and the cause of most unconscious guilt. In the classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, child’s identification with the same-sex parents is the successful resolution of the Oedipus complex and of the Electra complex key psychological experiences that are necessary for the development of a mature sex role and i dentity.Sigmund Freud further proposed that boys and girls experience the complexes differently: boys in a form of castration anxiety, girls in a form of penis envy; and unsuccessful resolution of the complexes might lead to neurosis, paedophilia and homosexuality. Men and women who are fixated in the Oedipal and Electra stages of their psychosexual development might be considered â€Å"mother-fixated† and â€Å"father-fixated†, which may result in an adult choosing a sexual partner who resembles their parent. Stages of development The six-stage chronology of Sigmund Freud’s theoretic evolution of the Oedipus complex is: Stage 1. 897 – 1909. After his father’s death in 1896, and having seen the play Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, Freud begins using the term â€Å"Oedipus†. Stage 2. 1909 -1914. Proposes that Oedipal desire is the â€Å"nuclear complex† of all neuroses; first usage of â€Å"Oedipus complex† in 1910. Stage 3. 1914 â⠂¬â€œ 1918. Considers paternal and maternal incest. Stage 4. 1919 – 1926. Complete Oedipus complex; identification and bisexuality are conceptually evident in later works. Stage 5. 1926 – 1931. Applies the Oedipal theory to religion and custom. Stage 6. 1931 – 1938.Investigates the â€Å"feminine Oedipus attitude† and â€Å"negative Oedipus complex†; later the â€Å"Electra complex†. Definition of id, ego and superego Id, ego and super-ego are the three parts of the psychic apparatus defined in Freud’s structural model of the psyche; they are the three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction mental life is described. According to this model, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends. The ego is the organized, realistic part and the super-ego comprises that organized part of the personality structure mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual’s ego ideals, piritual goa ls, and the psychic agency or conscience that criticizes and prohibits his or her drives, fantasy, feeling, and action through guilt. Oedipus and Oedipus complex: Otto Rank behind the Sphinx, by Gustave Moreau (1864) Worth mentioning is an article on Sigmund found on About. com education by Kendra Cherry, She writes â€Å"Psychology’s most famous figure is also one of the most influential and controversial thinkers of the twentieth century. Sigmund Freud’s work and theories helped shape our views of childhood, personality, memory, sexuality and therapy. His work is relevant in all areas of development. I am thrilled to find that his work is related to childhood development, perhaps not as well rounded and child focused as Maria Montessori’s interest which is solely on all aspect of child progressive development. Bibliography Sigmund Freud, Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 20 Feb. 2013. ;en. wikipedia. org;. Sigmund Freud. biography. 20 Feb. 2013. Bio. true stor y. ;www. biography. com; Kendra Cherry, About. com education. 20 Feb 2013. ;about. com;

The Thevenin equivalent resistance Essays

The Thevenin equivalent resistance Essays The Thevenin equivalent resistance Paper The Thevenin equivalent resistance Paper When using a voltage or current that varies, certain components that would not work with a direct current become functional. The capacitor is this type of component. It is made up of two conducting pieces of material that are a small distance apart and are separated by an insulator (or dielectric). The following experiments will show the way in which the capacitor works when placed in a working circuit in different combinations with a resistor. They will show how the time constant can be calculated experimentally as well as theoretically. One of the most underlying laws when dealing with electronics, which was introduced by Georg Ohm in 1821 [Gough], is Ohms Law. These experiments will validate this law. It will also investigate how the characteristics of a circuit may change when introducing resistors in parallel or series and as a result, verify the voltage divider rule. They will look at voltage drops around complete loops and how by manipulating a circuit can be used to make complex networks simpler, thereby validating Kirchoffs Voltage and Current Laws, and Thevenins Theorem. The Wheatstone bridge circuit was developed in 1843 by Charles Wheatstone in order to determine the values of unknown resistances [Gough], This will be investigated to check the validity of the Wheatstone bridge theory and prove its usefulness. Theory Experiment P-IE-R-1 (Ohms Law) Ohms Law indicates that the current through a conductor is proportional to the difference in potential between its ends. This, in equation form, is shown by V=I R (V is potential difference, I is the current and R is the constant of proportionality, or resistance). So if a current is passed through a circuit with an unknown resistance, this resistance can be calculated by plotting a graph of voltage against current. This should produce a straight line with a slope equalling the value of R. Experiment P-IE-R-2 (Resistor Networks) If a number of components are connected so that the current through each of them is equal then they are connected in series. So if you have two resistors connected in series, as shown below in Figure 1, then V1 = R1 I and V2 = R2 I. If you total all the separate potential differences around the circuit in Figure 1, then the sum will be 0, this is true for any complete loop in a circuit. It is known as Kirchoffs Voltage Law. As a result of this, each value of resistance can be combined to give an equivalent resistance, referred to as Req, this has no effect on the characteristics of the circuit. However, the components within a circuit can be connected up so that the potential difference across each of them is identical. This is a parallel connection. The two resistors in Figure 2 show components in parallel. The current of each is given as I1 = V/R1 and I2 = V/R2. As charge is conserved, it can be said the amount of current going into a node is equal to the total amount that leaves it, i. e. the sum of the currents is 0 (This is known as Kirchoffs current law). Therefore, the amount of current that passes through the two resistors in Figure 2 has to be equal to the current that is generated by the supply. It can be expressed as I = I1 + I2. By manipulating this equation and applying Ohms law, the equivalent resistance of the circuit can be calculated using the following equation 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2. But when there are only two resistors it can be written as Req = R1 R2 / (R1 + R2), this is known as the product over the sum rule. Experiment P-IE-R-3 (Kirchoffs Laws and Thevenin Resistor Networks) Kirchoffs Laws: As mentioned above, Kirchoffs Voltage Law is defined as The algebraic sum of the potential differences around any complete loop of a circuit is zero [Gough]. Therefore if you refer to Figure 1, V = V1 + V2. But as Figure 2 indicates, current flows into the positive side of a resistor but at the same time out of the positive terminal of an emf source. As a result potential difference can be called the Voltage Drop. Also mentioned above, Kirchoffs current law can be defined as the algebraic sum of the currents into any node is zero [Gough]. So where three or more conductors connect the total current through the node will equal the current from the supply. Referring back to Figure 2, this can be shown by writing I = I1 + I2. Thevenins Theorem Thevenins Theorem can be defined as any network of resistors and batteries having two terminals is equivalent, as far as its terminal behaviour is concerned, to the series combination of a resistor and a DC voltage supply. [Gough] With a Voltage divider (Figure 3), by moving the switch to certain possible connections, different fractions of the supply can be created at the output. So if the switch is connected to the point B as shown, the output voltage can be obtained using the formula Vout = I R3. The current can be calculated by first working out the total resistance of the circuit and then by using Ohms law. If a load resistance is put across the output terminals as shown in Figure 3, then the current in the circuit will no longer be the same. The new value for the current will now be obtainable by using the formula I = V (R3 + RL)/ RL (R1 + R2 + R3) + (R1 + R2) R3. If a load is connected across Vout, then the current through the load resistance will be given by IL = Vout/RL. This shows that by using a combination of Ohms law and Kirchoffs Current and Voltage Laws, more complex circuits can be analysed faster and more easily. Experiment P-IE-R-4 (The Wheatstone Bridge) As Figure 4 shows the unknown resistor is R4, the other resistances, apart from R5, are known and can be a combination of different values. This circuit works by varying the resistance of R1, R2 and R3 so that the current through R5 is equal to zero. When the circuit is in this situation the bridge is known to be balanced. The value of the unknown resistor can then be worked out by using the values of the now known resistors. By using Thevenins theorem the current through R5 can be found by changing the rest of the circuit to its Thevenins equivalent, this gives the circuit shown in Figure 5. The Thevenin equivalent resistance (RT) across DB is ascertained by connecting these two parallel resistor combinations across R5, giving the Formula: RT = (R1 R3/ R1 + R3) + (R2 R4 / R2 + R4) The Thevenin equivalent voltage is determined by measuring the potential difference between the points D and B without R5 connected. As there are two parallel combinations of resistors, the voltage through each of them will be equal. This Voltage will be equal to the one that is driving the circuit, i. e. V, therefore the equivalent Thevenin Voltage can be obtained by using the formula VT = VDB = V [(R1 / {R1 + R3}) (R2 / {R2 + R4})] So I5 can be worked out using the Thevenin equivalent Voltage and resistance along with R5. The bridge is balanced when VT is equal to zero.

Beyoud The Sex

Young Beautiful, it tells us a story about how a 17-year-old girl named Isabella became a prostitute, and how did she get out of it. It happened in Sociables 17, because 17 is a special age for us. When we are 1 7, we are passionate and full of novelty. We want to get out of control from our parents; we want to become mature rapidly; we expect to leave the teenage world and become an adult; we eat the forbidden fruit on a sly; we attempt to explore who we are, and what the world is.But eventually, all of us will find the answer, though some Of us may take a detour. In the movie, Isabella works as a prostitute and lives in a secret life. Once one of her client John died when he was having sex with her, and her job was exposed to the police and her parents. When she went to the psychologist, the psychologist doubts why she wanted to do the job. Indeed, every audience is curious about it. Why? Her family is not poor, and her mother gave her enough money to support her school life. She doesnt buy luxuries, and she just saved all the money she earned in the closet.Then why, why would she still do this filthy job? But Isabella replied, It was simpler, cleared. Apparently, it is simple. The old rich men with lots of money want to have sex with young beautiful girl. The purpose is undisguised and straight. It doesnt need any word, promise or flatter. And she charged the money to assess the worth of herself. It seems like she is exploring something. She is discovering her sexuality, and the relationship between male and female. She is eager to know everything about the complex world. However, why did she choose such a way? Ink it is related to her family and her childhood. Maybe it is a compensation for her natural father. So she is more curious about the sexuality and love. Her parents took apart when she was young. Though her stepfather is very kind, she still feels that she is the extra person in her family. And there is a large gap between she and her mother. She wants to have a rebellion. She needs a shortcut to be quickly independent and mature. She wants to jump out of the moral encumbrance. Maybe it results of her unsatisfactory fist time. And in the end, the talk withJohns wife seems to awake her. When the dark over, the dawn comes, all of these things seem like happening in the dream. The director left an opening ending for us, and he didnt show exactly what happened in the end. More importantly, it leads us to think above the girl, above the sexuality. Female sexual desire, self-recognizing, self identity, middle class interests, youth and growth, young and beautiful All Of them are leading us to a deeper exploration and meditation. And thats what beyond the sexuality; thats what movie brings to us.

APPLE INCORPORATED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

APPLE INCORPORATED - Essay Example Liquidity Ratio Initially, the liquidity ratio for Apple needs to be evaluated. This ratio determines the company’s capacity to pay short-term debts2 The formula for calculating the liquidity ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. 2010 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) 2009 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) Current Assets 43,927,000 31,555,000 Current Liabilities 23,795,000 11,506,000 Liquidity Ratio 1.84 2.74 Working Capital 20,132,000 20,049,000 In the above table, working capital has also been calculated which has been obtained by subtracting current assets by current liabilities. The table depicts that Apple Inc has positive working capital and this shows that Apple has the capability to pay their debts3 Debt-to-Equity Ratio 2010 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) 2009 (in USD) (numbers in thousands) Total Liabilities 32,076,000 15,861,000 Shareholders’ Equity 54,666,000 31,640,000 Debt to Equity Ratio 0.58 0.50 When there is high debt to equity ratio, it generally indicates high amount of debt utilised by the company in order to finance its operation. It is evident from the above result that Apple has low debt to equity ratio and thereby its assets are financed by means of shareholders equity instead of long term debts4 Net Profit Margin Ratio 2010 (September) (in USD) (numbers in thousands) 2009 (September) (in USD) (numbers in thousands) Net Income 14,013,000 8,235,000 Net Sales 65,225,000 42,905,000 Net profit Margin Ratio 21% 19% A strong net profit margin is one factor that can effectively control the cost of the organisation and show the operational efficiency. It has been found that there has been significant improvement in the net profit margin ratio of Apple in comparison... The intention of this study is Apple Inc that was previously known as Apple Computers. It is a multinational corporation with its headquarters in United States of America. The main business of the company has been to market and create consumer electronics, personal computers and to market consumer electronics. The company has four main divisions in which the company operates. It had been reorganised in the year 1988 as Apple USA, Apple Europe along with Apple Pacific and Apple Products. The various strategic business units of the company are portable digital music players, media devices, peripherals, third-party digital contents as well as applications. Its numerous products and services consist of Macintosh Computers, iPads, iPhones, iPod, Apple, Xserve and Apple TV, service as well as support systems. It can be stated that Apple Inc has been capable of achieving great success since last few years because of the methods and the procedures used for marketing its products. In addition to these, the company’s strategy also consist of expansion of its distribution channels so that it can reach more and more number of customers effectively and therefore provide the customers with goods which are of high quality and also offer after-sales services to them. Apple Inc. received great success from numerous products such as iPhones, iPods as well as iTunes. The communication strategy followed by the company is quite simple, clear, clever and sober. It makes use of TV advertisements, prints advertisements as well as online advertisements in order to lure the customers